“Kerbs Cycle”

                                             “Kerbs Cycle”

1) Pyruvate in cytosol will go through reactions and will convert to 2 carbon molecules. One of the 3 carbons in pyruvate will be released as carbon dioxide. The remainder is called Acetyl group that will combine to coenzyme A (co-A) and will provide Acetyl-CoA

2) It is a cyclical metabolic pathway occurs in mitochondria matrix

3)  During this cycle the carbon atom from glucose that entered to the glycolysis will be oxidized.

4) This cycle has made of 9 step reactions with following names   :         

Reaction 1: condensation

Reaction 2 and 3: Isomerization

Reaction 4:  The first Oxidation

Reaction 5: The second Oxidation

Reaction 6: Substrate- level phosphorylation

Reaction 7: The third Oxidation

Reaction 8 and 9:  Regeneration of oxaloacetate and the fourth Oxidation

5) For each glucose, 2 acetyl-CoA will enter the kerbs cycle that carries 2 carbons

6) Acetyl will react to oxaloacetate to produce citrate (6 carbon molecule)  

7) This molecule (citrate) will go through 5 series of reactions and 4 carbon molecules called succinate will be forms. 2 of the reactions are oxidation reaction and will release 2 carbon dioxides. 2 of the reactions are reduction reactions which produce NADH from reduction of NAD.

8) In the 6^th stage, ATP will be produced by (substrate-level phosphorylation). In this process phosphate group replace CoA and substrate succinct will bound to the enzyme. Phosphate will be added to (GTP) and terminal of (GTP) will be transferred to ADP to produce ATP. In somce cells, cell will use GTP to make their own energy.

9) 2 of the actions that will take place from stage 7-9 are oxidation. These electrons will be used to produce ATP in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. This reaction is coupled to reduction of NAD to form NADH and FAD to form FADH₂.

10) The last product of all of the reactions is oxaloacetate. It will be ready to react to more Acetyl-CoA that will be entered the kerbs cycle.

Details of Being human

          As it was discovered many years ago, red meat had different benefits for humans and help them  to grow in contrast insufficient amount of red meat will cause in different disorders for individuals. The strength of body will decrease dramatically and after a while individual will not be able to do its functions. However, as it was mentioned in the article, huge number of professors are against eating meat since they believe eating meat will have different disadvantages for the individual as well, and following to the experiences and experiments people who tend to eat more meat have 38 higher percentage of getting cancer. In my personal opinion it will be better to keep the balance in our diet. Eating too much of meat will have same amount of disadvantages that eating less amount of meat can have. People will usually lose the balance and this may cause different troubles for them.  The idea of completely ignoring eating meat is absolutely incorrect in my personal observation. Although CARTA couldn't help a lot in finding the ancestor and human’s history, however if this 3 billion dollar wouldn't spend, researchers wouldn't find out that the way that they have chosen will not give them the answer that they want. Therefore even if by spending this amount of money they couldn't get to their final answer but this action made them to correct their mistakes and chose another way and without a shadow of doubt by their researches during this period  have lighten up their future pathway. Also this organization was based in 2003 and its been only 10 years, 10 years is the least amount of time for this huge project. in my point of view of the helpful ways that can help to increase the speed of this huge research is to gather all of the scientists around each other. all of these scientists such as geneticist and anthropologist will collaborate in addition will fill out the gaps as a result less mistakes will occur and the process will increase as well.  Silatic acid has both advantages and disadvantages for humans however I believe advantages of this acid is more since as it was experienced before, because of this acid humans were protected from different diseases that affected all of the mammalians therefore this acid is more useful for humans than harmful.  

SARS

   

            In significant number of countries, media has a huge power on its residences and they will inform their society if any disease occurred. However, in some countries and in some particular situations governments try to reduce the knowledge of people in order to keep the country away from chaos. This will have different disadvantages and one of the most important ones is that the disease will spread more rapidly and people will die easily since they didn't have enough information to prevent this disease. Also this will not only affect people who are in country, this will effect on people who come to that particular country since the news didn't say anything about the disease and travellers will be effected as well. More over citizens who travel to another country can also influence that country as well. In my personal observation as a residence, this is people’s right to know and notice any disease that occurs in their country. Although it may have different disadvantages for the country but people will be more ready. Also they will be more knowledge when the disease happens. This will be definitely better than when people have no idea of why they have got that disease and they don’t know what they can do on that moment. Overall if people understand what is going on surround them they will even prevent the disease by preventing doing certain actions. One of the best ways and most successful actions that may take to increase the knowledge of people is to spread the word.  When the patient gets the disease it is his/her duty to spread his/her knowledge to  the society by telling the symptoms of the disease and in cases that they have rescued and cured spread the efficient way to cure that disease. All of the information should be send to public in order to reduce the disease and help the society. 

Scanning psychopaths

                                                 scanning psychopaths

What is psychopathic? According to the definitions that have been given psychopathic is any mental illness and disorder that will harm the person mentally. Whether or not, this topic has raised different responses. Should the court consider psychopathy in assigning a sentence? Annually huge number of murdering will take place that lots of them are related to psychopathic patients. In my personal point of view, court should not easily pass from their crime and don’t do anything just because they have mental illnesses. They need to be cured during period of time and these crimes should be stopped since they are harming other innocent people surround them. However in the contrast it is not fair to call psychopathic people serial killers since first of all this is discrimination and not all of the people who have mental disorder are harmful and serial killers. If these beliefs run between people, patients with mental disorder will be shameful and scared to mention their problem to the public and therefore they will not cure their problem and in long term it will make various difficulties for the patient itself and people surrounding them. It is interesting to note that the number of crimes that took place and was due to psychopathic people increase every year. Sociologist and psychologists should take serious actions to stop this problem. It is also significant that society plays a major role in curing these people, as soon as people understand these mental disorders and help these patients to feel safe in society, they will eventually start to show their problems to their doctors and try to cure their disorder, however, they can’t completely cure their illness but they can control it. Lots of psychologists believe that by playing video games, people’s ability to feel empathy will decrease and lots of violent actions that takes place is due to video games but in my personal observation and point of view these video games will not have any mental effects on people since usually they have a age restriction and game which are more violent are over 18. As an adult, the person is now fully mature to understand the difference between real life and game. In my personal life whenever I play games as I kill a person I will get happy this does not mean that in real life and situation I will get happy if I kill a random person. These games will not have an effect on adult people. However, I believe there should be more restriction on these games for children and specially teenagers since they are in period of time that everything surrounds them will highly influenced them as a result for teenagers who are younger than 16, there should be more restrictions. 

While you were sleeping

                                                       
                           
                                                             While you were sleeping

           Studying at night is an effective way to understand better. In my personal opinion by studying at night the level of focus can increase incredibly, since the environment is quieter. Lots of students are trying to find a quit place to study during day time and lots of them try to listen to music to avoid distraction, however, as has been proved,  listening to music will reduce the focus of students. But it is significant to note that the time that we chose to study is important as well. For instance staying awake until 3 o'clock in morning will not be that effective. According to my personal experience staying awake will have negative effect; however, waking up around 5 o'clock in morning will have the best effect. During this time brain will have its best function. Another topic that made lots of discussions is starting schools one hour later so that student will have an extra hour to sleep and get more energy. In my point of view it will not be effective since students will now that in the morning they can sleep one more hour therefore they will sleep on hour later. Also from my own experience in school when I had late start day I stayed up one hour later because I know in the morning I will have one more hour  to sleep. As a result this action will not be as effective that it should be. Another topic to argue is that is it good to have a one hour nap time in schools? Whether or not, this topic has raised many questions among educators. As all of us know the afternoon classes are always boring since students just ate their lunch and based on their metabolic system, glucose level of their blood has increased and essentially they need sleep. Having a one hour nap can be very helpful for students since it will help their brains to transfer neurotransmitters. This hour will be a time for their brain to refresh and gain the information that has been gained throughout the day. This on hour nap will be a perfect time for students. However for this program there should be some restrictions such as students should have the ability to choose either sleep or use that free time. And moreover this napping time should be planned according to student’s schedule. Since this action has been experienced before therefore the advantages of this programme has been proved as a result it will be a good programme.